{"id":3176,"date":"2008-01-19T18:28:01","date_gmt":"2008-01-19T18:28:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.thesocialmedia.com\/leblogenergie\/2008\/01\/19\/le-gaz-naturel-2\/"},"modified":"2012-07-12T10:19:24","modified_gmt":"2012-07-12T10:19:24","slug":"le-gaz-naturel-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.thesocialmedia.com\/leblogenergie\/2008\/01\/19\/le-gaz-naturel-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Le Gaz Naturel Hydrat\u00e9, une voie pour inventer un vrai march\u00e9 mondial du gaz"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.thesocialmedia.com\/leblogenergie\/files\/2012\/07\/qflexgnl4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"100\" alt=\"Qflexgnl\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.thesocialmedia.com\/leblogenergie\/files\/2012\/07\/qflexgnl.jpg\" width=\"142\"  \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1.4em\">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;P<\/span>our cr\u00e9er un march\u00e9 libre mondial de mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re comme celui du Nickel, du p\u00e9trole ou du bl\u00e9 il faut r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 un certain nombre de conditions que sont:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>une pluralit\u00e9 des productions, sans monopole ou producteur dominant (un exemple de quasi monopole excluant un march\u00e9 libre: de Beers pour le diamant)<\/li>\n<li>une pluralit\u00e9 d&rsquo;acheteurs solvables,<\/li>\n<li>l&rsquo;existence de stocks disponibles, si possible non p\u00e9rissables, et physiquement transportables (l&rsquo;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 n&rsquo;ob\u00e9it pas \u00e0 cette contrainte d&rsquo;o\u00f9 l&rsquo;existence de march\u00e9s purement r\u00e9gionaux)<\/li>\n<li>une place de march\u00e9 dominante dans le monde (ex. le LME \u00e0 Londres pour certains&nbsp; m\u00e9taux non ferreux, le Nymex \u00e0 New York pour le p\u00e9trole, le Chicago Mercantile Exchange pour les denr\u00e9es agricoles)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Examinons le cas du march\u00e9 du gaz naturel.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Bien qu&rsquo;ob\u00e9issant presqu&rsquo;\u00e0 ces quatre r\u00e8gles de base, le gaz est difficilement cotable. Il existe bien des lieux de cotation du gaz, points de livraisons sur un&nbsp; march\u00e9 comme le Henry Hub pour les USA, le British National Balancing Point pour la Grande Bretagne. Mais ces cours r\u00e9gionaux, n&rsquo;ont rien d&rsquo;universel et ne servent pas \u00e0 grand chose pour certains march\u00e9s physiques bien pr\u00e9cis. Par exemple les cours du <a href=\"http:\/\/www.leblogenergie.com\/2008\/01\/new-york-manque.html\">gaz \u00e0 New York<\/a>, v\u00e9ritable goulot d&rsquo;\u00e9tranglement, peuvent \u00eatre \u00e0 plus du double de ceux du Henry Hub. Que faudrait-il pour qu&rsquo;existe un vrai cours international du gaz, servant de benchmark \u00e0 l&rsquo;ensemble des march\u00e9s?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Le secret r\u00e9side dans la pluralit\u00e9 des sources et la transportabilit\u00e9. Le gaz est un produit difficilement transportable par gazoduc ou sous forme de GNL qui n\u00e9cessitent l&rsquo;un et l&rsquo;autre, d&rsquo;\u00e9normes investissements ( gazoducs, stations de pressurisation, stockages souterrains, usines de liqu\u00e9faction, m\u00e9thaniers, usines de gaz\u00e9ification) qui font que seuls quelques gros fournisseurs et consommateurs, sur la base de contrats \u00e0 long terme, peuvent investir des milliards de dollars dans ces \u00e9quipements. Le march\u00e9 du gaz est donc entre les mains de gros producteurs (Gazprom en Russie, Sonatrach en Alg\u00e9rie, StatoilHydro en Norv\u00e8ge, le <a href=\"http:\/\/www.leblogenergie.com\/2008\/01\/nigeria-accrois.html\">Consortium nigerian<\/a> pour le march\u00e9 europ\u00e9en par exemple). <\/p>\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Comment casser cet \u00e9norme droit d&rsquo;entr\u00e9e sur le march\u00e9? Comment d\u00e9mocratiser le march\u00e9 du gaz naturel? Comment l&rsquo;acheminer en provenance de sources de productions lointaines?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Une seule r\u00e9ponse est possible: il faut inventer un moyen de stockage et de transport \u00e9conomique qui r\u00e9duirait par dix les investissements n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 l&rsquo;entr\u00e9e dans le n\u00e9goce du gaz. Alors les petits et moyens producteurs potentiels, nombreux dans le monde, pourraient rejoindre et animer le March\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Une voie semble prometteuse c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;utilisation de GNH (hydrate de gaz naturel). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.leblogenergie.com\/2007\/12\/japon-transport.html\">Nous avons vu que<\/a> les Japonais, gros importateurs de gaz n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la production d&rsquo;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, travaillent activement sur cette fili\u00e8re. Sous forme solide stockable \u00e0 -20\u00b0C, ces boulets de glace permettraient de stocker, de transporter et de mettre ais\u00e9ment \u00e0 disposition du gaz naturel. Un march\u00e9 mondial du GNH avec des cours mondiaux serait alors envisageable. Pour s&rsquo;affranchir des ses contraintes d&rsquo;approvisionnement en gaz, l&rsquo;Europe devrait activement s&rsquo;impliquer dans ces recherches de mise au point industrielle de production, de transport par bateau r\u00e9frig\u00e9r\u00e9 et de gaz\u00e9ification de GNH. <\/p>\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Ceci serait \u00e0 terme beaucoup plus efficace que d&rsquo;aller construire un gazoduc de plus ou de moins, \u00e9vitant le sol russe. <\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Pour cr\u00e9er un march\u00e9 libre mondial de mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re comme celui du Nickel, du p\u00e9trole ou du bl\u00e9 il faut r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 un certain nombre de conditions que sont: une pluralit\u00e9 des productions, sans monopole ou producteur dominant (un exemple de quasi monopole excluant un march\u00e9 libre: de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":341,"featured_media":7520,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3176","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energie-fossile"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - 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