{"id":3655,"date":"2007-10-21T07:43:13","date_gmt":"2007-10-21T07:43:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.thesocialmedia.com\/leblogenergie\/2007\/10\/21\/le-biobutanol-u\/"},"modified":"2012-07-12T10:05:36","modified_gmt":"2012-07-12T10:05:36","slug":"le-biobutanol-u","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.thesocialmedia.com\/leblogenergie\/2007\/10\/21\/le-biobutanol-u\/","title":{"rendered":"Le biobutanol un challenger id\u00e9al du fuel \u00e9thanol."},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Coliersdeparis_vin\"<\/a>         <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            <\/span>L<\/span>\u2019\u00e9thanol est un solvant volatil qui provoque des atteintes au foie irr\u00e9versibles et des malformations graves du f\u0153tus. En vertu de la Charte de l\u2019Environnement 2004, il devrait \u00eatre simplement interdit comme additif \u00e0 l\u2019essence, pour assurer la protection des pompistes, des garagistes, des employ\u00e9s de raffineries et des conductrices. Au Br\u00e9sil cette charte n\u2019existe peut-\u00eatre pas.<\/span><\/p>\n

            <\/span>De plus, l\u2019\u00e9thanol, difficilement miscible \u00e0 l\u2019essence en pr\u00e9sence d\u2019humidit\u00e9 (d\u00e9mixtion) doit \u00eatre incorpor\u00e9 au carburant juste avant sa distribution ce qui pose de nombreux probl\u00e8mes de logistique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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            <\/span>S\u2019il fallait r\u00e9diger une sp\u00e9cification pour d\u00e9finir le futur rempla\u00e7ant de l\u2019\u00e9thanol comme additif \u00e0 l\u2019essence quelles seraient les grandes contraintes ?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

<\/p>\n

– Qu\u2019il soit r\u00e9alis\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de compos\u00e9s cellulosiques non alimentaires <\/strong>(sur ce point le rapport Syrota est inattaquable).<\/span><\/p>\n

– Que sa synth\u00e8se soit non polluante<\/strong> et peu \u00e9mettrice de CO2. <\/span><\/p>\n

– Que son prix de revient soit comp\u00e9titif<\/strong> avec celui de l\u2019essence qui est \u00e0 ce jour \u00e0 2,15$ le gallon, soit 90$\/baril<\/u><\/strong>. Ce prix maximum pourra \u00eatre revu largement \u00e0 la hausse dans les ann\u00e9es qui viennent.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Qu\u2019il  <\/span>soit non toxique<\/strong> et qu\u2019il pr\u00e9sente une tension de vapeur faible.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

– Qu\u2019il soit miscible \u00e0 l\u2019essence<\/strong> en toutes proportions et peu hydrophile <\/strong>afin qu\u2019on puisse le m\u00e9langer \u00e0 l\u2019essence dans la raffinerie.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Qu\u2019il  <\/span>soit non corrosif<\/strong> dans les pipe-lines.<\/span><\/p>\n

–  <\/span>Qu\u2019il ait un indice d\u2019octane<\/strong> proche de celui de l\u2019essence.<\/span><\/p>\n

– etc.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

            <\/span>Devant ce cahier des charges de bon sens, le butanol est bien proche de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la quasi-totalit\u00e9 des clauses. En particulier sa cha\u00eene carbon\u00e9e \u00e0 quatre carbones, contre deux pour l\u2019\u00e9thanol, le rend  <\/span>six fois moins volatil que l\u2019\u00e9thanol, moins polaire donc miscible \u00e0 l\u2019essence en toutes proportions, 30% plus \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique en volume que l\u2019\u00e9thanol et, de plus, il pr\u00e9sente un indice d\u2019octane raisonnable de 94, proche des 96 de celui de l\u2019essence. Les m\u00e9langes butanol-essence seraient transportables par pipe-line sans crainte de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de d\u00e9mixtion en pr\u00e9sence de traces d\u2019eau, comme c\u2019est le cas pour les m\u00e9langes \u00e9thanol-essence.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

            <\/span>On comprend pourquoi de nombreux laboratoires ont travaill\u00e9 \u00e0 la recherche des conditions id\u00e9ales de sa synth\u00e8se. Historiquement on sait faire du butanol par fermentation avec le Clostridium Acetobutylicum qui conduit \u00e0 un m\u00e9lange butanol – ac\u00e9tone \u2013 \u00e9thanol (ABE). La probl\u00e9matique est d\u2019obtenir le butanol le plus pur possible. Cette synth\u00e8se a \u00e9t\u00e9 tout particuli\u00e8rement <\/span>\u00e9tudi\u00e9e dans l\u2019Ohio par D. Ramey et Shang-Tian dans le cadre d\u2019un contrat pour le DOE am\u00e9ricain (<\/span>Contrat No.: DE-F-G02-00ER86106). Dans ce travail, ils proposent un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 en deux \u00e9tapes conduisant tout d\u2019abord \u00e0 l\u2019acide butyrique qui est ensuite transform\u00e9 en butanol. Depuis l\u2019an dernier BP et DuPont ce sont associ\u00e9s pour d\u00e9velopper une unit\u00e9 pilote de biobutanol sur le site de Hull. Cette usine, qui produira de l\u2019\u00e9thanol dans un premier temps, devrait \u00eatre op\u00e9rationnelle \u00e0 la fin \u00e0 la fin 2009. En parall\u00e8le BP et DuPont veulent construire un pilote de biobutanol de capacit\u00e9 de 20000 litres\/an. Pendant ce temps, les scientifiques de DuPont cherchent \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper un biocatalyseur, g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement modifi\u00e9, de deuxi\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ration (Gen. 2), qui transformerait les compos\u00e9s cellulosiques non alimentaires en butanol. <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

            <\/span>L\u2019utilisation d\u2019\u00e9thanol comme additif \u00e0 l\u2019essence est un contresens physique, \u00e9conomique et sanitaire. Le biobutanol constitue, aujourd\u2019hui, son challenger le plus s\u00e9rieux.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                     L\u2019\u00e9thanol est un solvant volatil qui provoque des atteintes au foie irr\u00e9versibles et des malformations graves du f\u0153tus. 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